Benzoyl peroxide (BPO) is an organic compound in the peroxide family. It consists of two benzoyl groups bridged by a peroxide link. It is one of the most important organic peroxides in terms of applications. In medicine, benzoyl peroxide is used as a topical treatment for acne, either in combination with antibiotics or as a single agent.
These products are available over-the-counter or by prescription in gels, creams or liquids at concentrations of 2.5%, 5% or 10%. Benzoyl peroxide is also used for bleaching flour or hair, teeth whitening, for cross-linking polyester resins, and many other chemical uses. It is on the World Health Organization's List of Essential Medicines, the most important medications needed in a basic health system.
Benzoyl peroxide is indicated for the treatment of mild to moderate acne vulgaris and rosacea. Combined with other agents, it may be used in the treatment of more severe acne.
Benzoyl peroxide acts as an antibacterial, irritant, keratolytic, comedolytic, and anti-inflammatory agent when applied topically to the human epithelium.
Associated Conditions: Acne, Acne Vulgaris.
Benzoyl peroxide decomposes to release oxygen after topical application. This oxygen acts as a bactericidal agent towards Proprionibacterium acnes, the bacteria present in acne vulgaris. Benzoyl peroxide also increases the turnover rate of epithelial cells, thereby peeling the skin and promoting the resolution of comedones.
Metabolism: Benzoyl peroxide undergoes metabolism by keratinocytes in the epidermis. Initially, the peroxide bond is cleaved to form benzoyloxyl radicals. It is thought this reaction may be copper-catalyzed. The benzoyloxyl radicals may then fragment to form carbon dioxide and a phenyl radical. Alternatively, the radicals may gain a hydrogen atom from biomolecules forming the more stable and primary metabolite, benzoic acid.
Absorption: Benzoyl peroxide is absorbed percutaneously into the dermal layer of the epithelium. It is then metabolized to benzoic acid which can be absorbed systemically. There is no systemic absorption of benzoyl peroxide itself.
Route of elimination: Renal clearance of the primary metabolite, benzoic acid, is rapid and thought to preclude hepatic conjugation.
Half life: Benzoyl peroxide is not absorbed into systemic circulation after topical application. Further studies are needed on its half life within the epithelium.
All medicines may cause side effects, but many people have no, or minor, side effects.Some medical conditions may interact with Benzoyl Peroxide.
Tell your doctor or pharmacist if you have any medical conditions.
Common side effects may include: mild stinging or burning, itching or tingly feeling, skin dryness, peeling, or flaking or redness or other irritation.
This is not a complete list of all side effects that may occur. If you have questions about side effects, contact your health care provider.
